Le cellule staminali: dall'applicazione clinica al parere etico. Parte III. Riflessioni etiche
Pubblicato: dicembre 30, 2006
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All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Autori
MD, Lic. Theol., Officiale della Pontificia Accademia per la Vita, Italy.
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A wide polemic has developed around stem cells: some claim a full freedom for deriving human embryonic stem cells (hES) from embryos coming from in vitro fertilization or from nuclear transfer (therapeutic cloning), others insist on the interest of somatic stem cells or stem cells from umbilical cord blood (UCB). The core of this polemic is ethical: in fact, getting the first type of cells, because of it needs the programmed sacrifice of human embryos, raise, unlike the second type, ethical questions. Many among those who think hES research as ethically acceptable consider that human embryos before implantation cannot be considered as individual organisms. They support their opinion on two considerations: the elevated percentage of natural loss of early embryos and the occurrence of monozygotic twinning. But, recent studies have removed a lot of their substance from these arguments, showing in particular that the mammalian embryo works as a biological unity at the cytological level (gap junctions, tight junctions, compaction) as well as at the genetic level (zigotic gene activation). Others pronounced themselves in favor of hES research, with the argument that a biological human "being" cannot be recognized as such from an anthropological standpoint until he has reached a consistent level of "humanization". But, the error of this "developmental perspective" comes from its ignorance of a careful ontological reflection. Others, although they do recognize that the human embryo, as a possible person, deserves great respect, justify the destruction of human embryos human to get ES cells with the argument of the "good end". In this case, the intangible moral principle that must be applied is that the goal doesn't justify the means. It follows that the destruction of human embryos to get hES cells is a direct and deliberate elimination of an innocent human being that no argument can justify. Another question is: is it permissible to use hES cell lines from other researchers or available on the market? But, this use enters into the category of the illegitimate cooperation in evil, both in terms of immediate material cooperation, and in terms of formal cooperation. On the other hand, the proposal to derive hES cell lines from a single blastomere separated mechanically from an embryo while leaving alive this embryo would be more respectful of early human life, but brings in other ethical problems: it implicates the practice of in vitro fertilization in vitro, and exposes the embryo to a substantial risk. Regarding the "reprogramming" of somatic cells to the level of ES cells, although it is ethically permissible, is now more a theoretical hypothesis. Practical realism and respect of early human life invite therefore to give prime attention to research on adult stem cells and on stem cells from umbilical cord blood, that, in the field of the regenerative medicine, have given encouraging results.
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