Il dolore e la sofferenza umana alla luce della ragione e della fede cristiana
Pubblicato: ottobre 30, 2012
Abstract Views: 1969
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All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Autori
Professore Emerito di Filosofia della Scienza, Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy.
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Pain and suffering are negative realities whose evidence cannot be dissolved by subtle philosophical arguments. The human being tries to "find a reason and a sense" for the whole of reality surrounding him, but is unable to do this for that portion of reality constituted by evil (i.e. he cannot answer the question, "why evil?"). On the purely mundane plane evil remains an enigma but becomes a real problem when the existence of God is admitted: "problem of evil" and "problem of God" are mutually interrelated. If God exists "from where does evil come?" It cannot come from God (everything that exists is good in itself) but is produced by man when he makes bad use of his free will (moral evil) and God "tolerates" this evil because he respects human free will. Pain and suffering (often called "physical evil") are the consequence of moral evil (are its expiation) and God, though being infinitely good and omnipotent, does not eliminate them because he is at the same time infinitely just. This is the most classical answer of theodicy. It does not really explain, however, the suffering of the innocent. In conclusion, evil remains essentially unintelligible by using the categories of human reason, and the only way out for a genuinely rationalist philosophy (i.e. a philosophy according to which there is a reason for whatever exists) is that of admitting that such a "reason" oversteps the limits of human rationality and in such a way opens itself to the admission af a divine rationality. The claim that pain and suffering are the expiation of moral evil is explicitly rejected by Jesus in the Gospel, and he has accomplished several miraculous works in order to diminish their impact. On the other hand, he has freely accepted pain, suffering and even death for himself, concretely showing in such a way that God himself can suffer, but his resurrection shows at the same time the omnipotence of God, thereby offering not a conceptual but a concrete answer to the question of the compatibility of pain with divine omnipotence. Hence man is invited to fight with God against pain and suffering by dong good works and at the same time to give a positive eschatological sense to the pain and evil that are present in the world, relying on God's goodness and omnipotence. Jesus has also broken the spontaneous conviction that the evil committed must be compensated by another evil (the punishment) inflicted on the person who has committed it. Two evils do not compensate each other, but they sum up. The compensation of evil consists in forgiveness, that breaks the external spiral of evil, while repentance heals the internal wound that the wrong action produces in the soul of the person committing it. All this is part of the new perspective regarding the relations that humans must entertain among themselves and with God, that is, the perspective of love, though it still remains mysterious for human reason why love should pass through pain as its test.
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