Le cellule staminali: dall'applicazione clinica al parere etico Parte I. Le cellule staminali embrionali
Published: August 30, 2006
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PDF (Italiano): 5
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All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
MD, Lic. Theol., Officiale della Pontificia Accademia per la Vita, Italy.
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Eight years after the onset of the investigation on embryonic stem cells (ESCs), it seems that time has come to consider objectively what the future of such research can be, and what are the ethical issues that are involved. In this first part ESCs are considered at the technical and clinical level. The particular interest of such cells resides in their ability for endless undifferentiated proliferation and for potential development in a large array of various types of cells, even after prolonged culture. A large amount of studies show in particular that ESCs can differentiate in neurons and glia and integrate in the neural tissue of recipient animals. The promotion of such differentiation toward dopaminergic neurons has been obtained for human embryonic stem cells (hESCS), which is promising for possible future clinical application to the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The ESCs have also demonstrated their ability to facilitate the recovery of damaged spinal cord in mice. The graft of ESCs in the hearts of rats with myocardial infarction leads to an improvement of heart function and increases survival. Nevertheless, there are many obstacles that must be overcome before thinking to a clinical use of such cells. The problem perhaps more complex is to be able to direct in an efficient and reproducible way the differentiation of the ESCs in culture. Second, the risk of epigenetic defects or instability with ESCs is real, keeping in mind their origin from embryos created by in vitro fertilization, and the fact that they are kept proliferating in culture for a long period of time, once individualized. Third, ESCs in the undifferentiated state generate cancers when injected in tissues, and that makes necessary, for a clinical use, to start their differentiation in vitro and then to eliminate carefully from the end product these ESCs that are still undifferentiated. Finally, the clinical use of ESCs supposes resolved the immunological problem of their HLA compatibility with the patient who will receive them. Various solutions have been proposed for resolving this last problem, with, in first line, nuclear transfer, the so called "therapeutic cloning." Up to now this nuclear transfer has not been successful in primates and humans. Moreover, it would require the availability of unrealistically large amounts of human ovocytes. Today, also for ethical reasons, the tendency is to look after "alternative solutions" such as "altered nuclear transfer", in which are created disabled embryos, unable to develop correctly, parthenogenesis, the harvest of human blastomeres in the course of preimplantation diagnosis or the reprogramming of human somatic stem cells to an "embryonic state". At present time, the study of ESCs represents a promising key to progresses in the knowledge of cellular and molecular aspects of development, healing and tissue regeneration. These progresses may in turn lead to clinical applications, especially in the field of degenerative diseases and for the recovery of damaged tissues and organs.
How to Cite
Suaudeau, J. (2006). Le cellule staminali: dall’applicazione clinica al parere etico Parte I. Le cellule staminali embrionali. Medicina E Morale, 55(4). https://doi.org/10.4081/mem.2006.346
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