Neuroscienze e persona Nuova prospettiva o minaccia?
Published: June 30, 2008
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All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Giornalista e divulgatore scientifico, Italy.
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Thanks to the rapid progress of cognitive neuroscience, several researchers - mostly from Anglo-Saxon countries - have begun to use neurobiological criteria in order to reappraise or discredit the concept of personhood, which is fundamental in bioethics, by defining it as illusory. In particular, they maintain that there is an innate cerebral network, comprising four specific areas of the brain, which automatically produces the perception of a particular category of objects that are then defined as persons. This hypothesis is based on an increasing body of experimental data, which are individually well supported by the existing evidence. Due to the difficulties associated with defining personhood in the most controversial bioethics cases, they suggest that the concept itself should be abandoned as the outcome of an evolutionary and adaptive mechanism that has become inadequate in light of the dilemmas created by contemporary medicine. The concept is thus fully naturalised, leading to calls for returning to a utilitarian perspective with regards to bioethics cases about which a consensus agreement cannot be reached. After discussing in detail the proposal put forward by M.J. Farah e A.S. Heberlein, the article presents arguments to refute the methodological monism upon which this proposal rests, by highlighting the historical dimension of the concept of personhood, which emerged gradually and in an uneven manner, in contradiction with the innatist neurobiological perspective. The article then highlights the necessary epistemological pluralism that must accompany the definition of personhood. The philosophical dimension cannot be excluded a priori, and indeed remains fundamental, while contributions from neuroscience are complementary empirical elements, whose increasing relevance makes them impossible to ignore.
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